Healing Cells: Use What the Almighty Created to Heal Thyself
Abstract views: 77
/ 
PDF downloads: 116
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58372/2835-6276.1049Keywords:
Adult, Chronic Disease, Telomerase, Pluripotent, Severe TraumaAbstract
The adult human body is composed of trillions and trillions of cells. These cells can be divided into three categories: functional [parenchyma and stroma] cells comprising 50%, maintenance [progenitor] cells comprising 40%, and healing [stem] cells comprising 10% of the cells of the body. Healing cells were discovered in 1975 residing within the connective tissue stroma of adult terrestrial salamanders undergoing complete limb regeneration. Healing cells were shown to form all damaged or lost tissues of an amputated limb, thereby restoring function to the limb. Since 1975, healing cells have been extensively characterized, four animal models generated, and 32 human clinical studies undertaken to test and validate healing cells for their ability to reverse signs and symptoms of traumatic injuries, chronic (terminal) diseases, and orthopedic disorders. Two methodologies were developed to activate the healing cells. Ex vivo activation occurred after healing cells were removed from the body, activated, and then returned to the body in selected locations. In vivo activation occurred by ingestion of a nutraceutical to activate the normally quiescent healing cells in situ. Clinical studies proved that both methodologies were 100% safe for human use. Fresh isolates have demonstrated 83% efficacy and the nutraceutical 100% efficacy at reversing signs and symptoms of traumatic injuries, chronic diseases, and disorders, with minimal to no side effects. Stem cells are considered the “holy grail” for regenerative medicine. We propose that adult healing cells be used in regenerative medicine.
References
References
Histology and Cell Biology, An Introduction to Pathology. AL Kierszenbaum, Mosby, An Imprint of Elsevier Science, St Louis, MO.
Young HE Speight MO Black AC Jr. Functional Cells, Maintenance Cells, and Healing Cells. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(1): 003: 1-4.
Hayflick L The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1965; 37, 614-636.
Zvereva MI, Shcherbakova DM, Dontsova OA. Telomerase: structure, functions, and activity regulation. Biochemistry (Moscow). 75(13):1563-1583, 2010.
Hayflick L, Moorehead PS. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 25:585-621, 1961.
Rohme D. Evidence for a relationship between longevity of mammalian species and life spans of normal fibroblasts in vitro and erythrocytes in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 78:5009-5013, 1981
Young HE. The existence of reserve quiescent stem cells in adults, from amphibians to humans. Curr Top Micro Immuno. 2004; 280:71-109.
Thornton CS. Amphibian limb regeneration. Brachet J, King TJV, eds. Advances in Morphogenesis. Academic Press, New York. 1968. Volume 7, pp.205-249.
Singer M. On the nature of the neurotrophic phenomenon in urodele regeneration. Amer Zool. 1978; 18:829-841.
Tank PW, Holder N. Pattern regulation in the regenerating limbs of urodele amphibians. Quar Rev Biol. 1981; 56:113-142.
Brockes JP. Amphibian limb regeneration: rebuilding a complex structure. Science. 1977; 276:81-87.
Singer M. Induction of regeneration of the forelimb of the frog by augmentation of the nerve supply. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 1951; 76:413-416.
Pritchett WH, Dent JN. The role of size in the rate of limb regeneration in the adult newt. Growth. 1972; 36:275-289.
Iten LE, Bryant SV. Forelimb regeneration from different levels of amputation in the newt, Notophthalamus viridescens: Wilhelm Roux Archives. 1973. 173:77-89.
Farber J. An experimental analysis of regional organization in the regenerating forelimb of the axolotl, (Ambystoma mexicanum). Arch Biol. 1959; 71:1-72.
Tank PW, Carlson BM, Connelly TG. A staging system for forelimb regeneration in axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. J Morph. 1976; 150:117-128.
Stocum DL. Stages of forelimb regeneration in Ambystoma maculatum. J Exper Zool. 1979; 209:395-416.
Scadding SR. Phylogenetic distribution of limb regeneration capacity in adult amphibia. J Exper Zool. 1977; 202:57-68.
Young HE, Bailey CF, Dalley BK. Environmental conditions prerequisite for complete limb regeneration in the post metamorphic adult land-phase salamander, Ambystoma. Anat Rec. 1983; 206:289-294.
Young HE. Limb Regeneration in the Adult Salamander, Ambystoma annulatum Cope 1889 (Amphibia:Ambystomatidae). [Master’s Thesis]. University of Arkansas Library Press; 1977.
Young HE. Epidermal ridge formation during limb regeneration in the adult salamander, Ambystoma annulatum. Proc Ark Acad Sci. 1977; 31:107-109.
Young HE, Dalley BK, Markwald RR. Glycoconjugates in normal wound tissue matrices during the initiation phase of limb regeneration in adult Ambystoma. Anat Rec. 1989; 223:231-241.
Young HE. Anomalies during limb regeneration in the adult salamander, Ambystoma annulatum. Proc Ark Acad Sci.1977; 31:110- 111.
Young HE, Bailey CF, Dalley BK. Gross morphological analysis of limb regeneration in postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma. Anat Rec. 1983; 206:295-306.
Young HE, Dalley BK, Markwald RR. Identification of hyaluronate within peripheral nervous tissue matrices during limb regeneration. Coates, P.W., Markwald, R.R., Kenny, A.D., eds. Developing and Regenerating Vertebrate Nervous Systems, Neurology and Neurobiology, 6:175-183, 1983. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
Young HE, Bailey CF, Markwald RR, Dalley BK. Histological analysis of limb regeneration in postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma. Anat Rec. 1985; 212:183-194.
Young HE, Dalley BK, Markwald RR. Effect of selected denervation on glycoconjugate composition and tissue morphology during the initiation phase of limb regeneration in adult Ambystoma. Anat Rec. 1989; 223:223-230.
Young HE. A Temporal Examination of Glycoconjugates During the Initiation Phase of Limb Regeneration in Adult Ambystoma. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas Tech University Library Press, copyright; 1983.
Young HE, Speight MO. Characterization of endogenous telomerase-positive stem cells for regenerative medicine, a review. Stem Cell Reg Med. 2020; 4(2):1-14.
Young HE, Duplaa C, Young TM, et al. Clonogenic analysis reveals reserve stem cells in postnatal mammals. I. Pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells. Anat Rec. 2001; 263:350-360.
Young HE, Duplaa C, Yost MJ, et al. Clonogenic analysis reveals reserve stem cells in postnatal mammals. II. Pluripotent epiblastic-like stem cells. Anat Rec. 2004; 277A:178-203.
Young HE, Black AC Jr. Adult-derived stem cells. Minerva Biotechnologica Cancer Gene Mechanisms and Gene Therapy Reviews. 2005; 17:55-63.
Young HE, Black Jr AC. Adult stem cells. Anat Rec. 2004; 276A:75-102.
Young HE, Ceballos EM, Smith JC, Lucas PA, Morrison DC. Isolation of embryonic chick myosatellite and pluripotent stem cells. J Tiss Cult Meth. 1992; 14:85-92.
Young HE, Ceballos EM, Smith JC, Mancini ML, Wright RP, Ragan BL, Bushell I, Lucas PA. Pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells reside within avian connective tissue matrices. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1993; 29A:723-736.
Young HE, Black AC. Pluripotent Stem Cells, Endogenous versus Reprogrammed, a Review. MOJ Orth Rheum. 2014; 1(4): 00019.
Young HE and Black Jr AC. Naturally occurring adult pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells: From Biology to Therapy, Advances in Molecular Biology and Medicine. 1st Ed, R.A. Meyers, Ed, WILEY-BLACKWELL-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Chap 3, pp. 63-93, 2013.
Young HE, Duplaa C, Romero-Ramos M, et al. Adult reserve stem cells and their potential for tissue engineering. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2004; 40(1):1-80.
Rogers JJ, Adkison LR, Black AC Jr, Lucas PA, Young HE. Differentiation factors induce expression of muscle, fat, cartilage, and bone in a clone of mouse pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells. Amer Surg. 1995; 61(3):231-236.
Lucas PA, Calcutt AF, Southerland SS, Wilson JA, Harvey RL, Warejcka D, Young HE. A population of cells resident within embryonic and newborn rat skeletal muscle is capable of differentiating into multiple mesodermal phenotypes. Wound Rep Regen. 1995; 3:449-460.
Warejcka DJ, Harvey R, Taylor BJ, Young HE, Lucas PA. A population of cells isolated from rat heart capable of differentiating into several mesodermal phenotypes. J Surg Res. 1966; 62:233-242.
Young HE, Rogers JJ, Adkison LR, Lucas PA, Black AC Jr. Muscle morphogenetic protein induces myogenic gene expression in Swiss-3T3 cells. Wound Rep Regen. 1998; 6(6):543-554.
Young HE, Steele T, Bray RA, Detmer K, Blake LW, Lucas PA, Black AC Jr. Human progenitor and pluripotent cells display cell surface cluster differentiation markers CD10, CD13, CD56, CD90 and MHC Class-I. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999; 221:63-71.
Young HE, Steele T, Bray RA, et al. Human reserve pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells are present in the connective tissues of skeletal muscle and dermis derived from fetal, adult, and geriatric donors. Anat Rec. 2001; 264:51-62.
McCommon GW, Lochner F, Black Jr AC, Young HE. Primitive adult-derived stem cells are present in the blood of adult equines and can be increased in number with moderate exercise or ingestion of a cyanobacter, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Autocoids. 2013; 2: 103.
Young HE, Henson NL, Black GF, Hawkins KC, Coleman JA, Black Jr AC. Location and characterization of totipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells in the skeletal muscle of the adult rat. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(1) 002: 1-17.
Young HE, Lochner F, Lochner D, Lochner D, McCommon G, Black AC Jr. Primitive Stem Cells in Adult Feline, Canine, Ovine, Caprine, Bovine, and Equine Peripheral Blood. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(1) 004: 1-6.
Young HE, Lochner F, Lochner D, Lochner D, Black GF, Coleman JA, Young VE, McCommon G, Black Jr AC. Primitive stem cells in adult human peripheral blood. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(2) 001:1-8.
Young HE, Henson NL, Black GF, Hawkins KC, Coleman JA, Black Jr AC. Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4-Positive Cells and Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule-1-Positive Cells are Located in the Bone Marrow of the Adult Rat. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(2) 001: 1-3.
Young HE, Limnios JI, Lochner F, McCommon G, Black GF, Coleman JA, Hawkins KC, Black Jr AC. Healing cells in the dermis and adipose tissue of the adult pig. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(2) 004:1-5.
Young HE, Black GF, Coleman JA, Hawkins KC, Williams S, Black Jr AC. Healing cells in the kidney of the adult rat. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(3) 001:1-4.
Young HE, Limnios IJ, Lochner F, McCommon G. Telomerase-positive stem cells in adult porcine and adult rat spleen. I. Totipotent stem cells. J Reg Med Biol Res. 2020; 1(2):1-20.
Young HE, Speight MO. Telomerase positive totipotent stem cells in the adult brain. I. cerebral cortex. J Reg Med Biol Res. 2021; 2(1):1-16.
Young HE, Speight MO. Osteoarthritis Treated with Telomerase-Positive Adult Stem Cells in Animals and Humans. Stem Cells Reg Med. 2020; 4(2):1-11.
Young HE, Duplaa C, Katz R, et al. Adult-derived stem cells and their potential for tissue repair and molecular medicine. J Cell Molec Med. 2005; 9:753-769.
Young HE, Limnios IJ, Lochner F, McCommon G, Black GF, Coleman JA, Hawkins KC, Black Jr AC. Cardiovascular disease and adult healing cells: From bench top to bedside. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(3) 002:1-8.
Black Jr AC, Williams S, Young HE. From Bench Top to Bedside: Formation of Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells by Maintenance Cells and Healing Cells. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(2) 002: 1-16.
Young HE, Black GF, Coleman JA, Hawkins KC, Black Jr AC. Pulmonary diseases and adult healing cells: from bench top to bedside. J Stem Cell Res. 2017; 1(2) 003:1-9.
Young HE, Black AC Jr. Differentiation potential of adult stem cells. Contemporary Endocrinology: Stem Cells in Endocrinology, L.B. Lester, ed., The Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ. Chap. 4, p. 67-92, 2005.
Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro S, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall V. Embryonic stem cell derived from human blastocysts. Science. 1998; 282:1145-1147.
Shamblott MJ, Axelman J, Wang S, Bugg EM, Littlefield JW, Donovan PJ. Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells. Proc Natl Accad Sci USA. 95; 231-233; discussion 233-235.
Lee JH, Lee EJ, Lee CH, Park JH, Han JY, Lim JM. Requirement of leukemia inhibitory factor for establishing and maintaining embryonic stem cells in mice. Fertility and Sterility. 2009; 92(3):1133-1140.
Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cells: past, present, future. Cell Stem Cell. 10(6):678-684, 2012.
Liu L. Linking telomere regulation to stem cell pluripotency. Trends Genetics. 2017; 33(1):16-33.
Hirai H, Firpo M, Kikyo N. Establishment of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-independent iPS cells with potentiated Oct4. Stem Cell Res. 2015; 15(3):469-480.
Nussbaum J, Minamiet E, Laflamme MA, et al. Transplantation of undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells in the heart: teratoma formation and immune response. FASEB J. 21(7):1345-1357, 2007.
Yoshida Y, Yamanaka S. iPS cells: a source of cardiac regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardio. 50(2):327-332, 2011.
Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 1991; 9:641-650.
Pittenger MG, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284:1198-1211, 1999.
Ding D-C, Shyu W-C, Lin S-Z. Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplan. 2011; 20(1):5-14.
Rebelatto CK, Aguiar AM, Moretao MP. Dissimilar differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008; 233(7):901-913.
Stefanska K, Ozegowska K, Hutchings G, et al. Human Wharton’s jelly-cellular specificity, stemness potency, animal models, and current application in human clinical trials. J Clin Med. 9(4). 2020.
Young HE, Hyer L, Black AC Jr, Robinson Jr JS. Adult stem cells: from bench-top to bedside. Tissue Regeneration: Where Nanostructure Meets Biology, 3DBiotech, North Brunswick, NJ Chap 1, pp 1-60, 2013.
Young HE, Hyer L, Black AC Jr, Robinson Jr JS. Treating Parkinson disease with adult stem cells. J Neuro Disord. 2:107-109, 2013.
Young HE, Speight MO. Alzheimer’s disease treated with autologous and allogeneic telomerase-positive stem cells. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2021; 5(1):1-17.
Young HE, Speight MO. Age-related macular degeneration treated with autologous telomerase-positive totipotent stem cells. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020; 4(3):1-9.
FDA rules and regulations for stem cell harvest and treatment at fda.gov; https://www.fda.gov › biologics-guidances › tissue-guidances for minimal manipulation and homologous use, Oct 31, 2022.
Young HE, Speight MO. Blunt force trauma-induced total bilateral vision impairment of 13 years duration treated with autologous telomerase positive stem cells. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2021; 5(1):1-22.
Young HE, Speight MO. Traumatic spinal cord injury treated with autologous telomerase-positive stem cells. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2021; 5(1):1-13.
Speight MO, Young HE. Traumatic brain injury is treated with autologous telomerase-positive stem cells. 2024; In preparation.
Young HE, Speight MO. Stroke treated with autologous telomerase-positive stem cells. 2023; In preparation.
Young HE, Speight MO. Multiple sclerosis treated with autologous telomerase-positive stem cells. 2024; In preparation.
Young HE, Speight MO. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy treated with autologous telomerase-positive stem cells. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2021; 5(2):1-16.
Speight MO, Young HE. Are Telomerase-Positive Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cells a Potential Treatment for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis – Laboratory Abnormalities of Uncertain Significance (ALS-LAUS). 2024; In preparation.
Young HE, Speight MO. Cardiovascular disease treated with telomerase-positive stem cells. Stem Cells Regen Med. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020; 4(2):1-8.
Young HE, Speight MO. Telomerase-positive stem cells as a potential treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020; 4(2):1-11.
Young HE, Speight MO. Potential treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with allogeneic and autologous telomerase-positive stem cells. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020; 4(3):1-11.
Young HE, Speight MO. Allogeneic and autologous telomerase-positive stem cells as a potential treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020; 4(2):1-9.
Young HE, Speight MO. Allogeneic telomerase-positive stem cells as a treatment for celiac disease. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020; 4(2):1-7.
Speight MO, Young HE. Chronic kidney disease treated with autologous telomerase-positive stem cells. 2024; In preparation.
Young HE, Speight MO. Local Anesthetics Can Affect the Efficacy of Telomerase-Positive Stem Cells. J Regen Med Biol Res. 2020; 1(1):1-9.
Young HE, Speight MO. Informed consent guidelines for optimizing the use of telomerase-positive stem cells for regenerative medicine. J Regen Med Biol Res. 2020; 1(1):1-20.
Young HE, Speight MO. Criteria to Distinguish TSCs from Exosomes as Major Players in Regenerative Medicine. J Regen Med Biol Res. 2020; 1(1):1-5.
Young HE, Speight MO. Donor selection is a critical component using naïve endogenous adult stem cells for the treatment of chronic diseases and traumatic injuries. J Regen Med Biol Res. 2020; 1(2):1-28.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal is licensed under a 