Updating Criteria to Approach Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic Syndrome: Review Article

Anita L R Saldanha; Ana Paula Pantoja Margeotto; André Luis Valera Gasparoto; Rafaela Cristina Goebel Winter Gasparoto; Victoria Pantoja Margeotto; Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez

doi:10.58372/2835-6276.1412

Authors

Anita L R Saldanha
Ana Paula Pantoja Margeotto
André Luis Valera Gasparoto
Rafaela Cristina Goebel Winter Gasparoto
Victoria Pantoja Margeotto
Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58372/2835-6276.1412

Keywords:

Albuminuria, Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome, Chronic Kidney Disease, Finerenone, SGLT2 Inhibitors

Abstract

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome integrates obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease into a unified pathophysiological continuum. Within this framework, chronic kidney disease is both a consequence of metabolic dysfunction and an important driver of cardiovascular risk. This narrative review summarizes kidney-specific recommendations from the 2026 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/American Diabetes Association/American Society of Nephrology Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Guideline and the 2024 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Chronic Kidney Disease Guideline. Kidney-related staging criteria, screening recommendations, pharmacologic therapies, monitoring strategies, and key kidney outcome trials referenced by the guideline were reviewed. Chronic kidney disease is defined by abnormalities of kidney structure or function, including an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of at least 30 mg/g persisting for three months or longer. Within the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic framework, the presence of chronic kidney disease places an individual at a minimum of stage 2 disease. Annual assessment of kidney function and albuminuria is recommended for individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic risk factors. Early initiation of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, followed by the addition of finerenone and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists when appropriate, forms the foundation of kidney-protective therapy. Lifestyle interventions, risk-factor modification, and risk stratification using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes heat map remain central to management. The 2026 Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Guideline repositions chronic kidney disease from a late complication to a central determinant of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic risk. Earlier detection and implementation of evidence-based kidney-protective therapies may substantially slow disease progression, reduce cardiovascular events, and delay the need for kidney replacement therapy.

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