American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews
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<p><strong>American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews (ISSN 2835-6276) </strong>is an internationally reputed open access journal that aims to publish a wide range of topics within the field of general medicine, advanced medicine, and its related clinical practices.The journal seeks original research in all the major clinical and medical sciences in the form of research articles, review articles, case studies, commentaries, short communication, and the letters to the editor This peer reviewed journal publishes evidence based empirical research on a wide range of topics within the fields of general medicine that includes Cardiology, Nephrology, Gynecology, Dermatology, Dentistry, Ophthalmology, and Immunology for publication. The journal lays equal emphasis on the advanced scientific research on pediatrics, Critical care medicine, Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Geriatrics. Specialized fields within the Translational Medicine, Nursing, Epidemiology, and Healthcare are encouraged for publication.</p> <p>Research on the major clinical practices involved in the general and advanced medical practices including but not limited to oncology, HIV/Aids, Infectious diseases, Surgery, Internal medicine, Orthopedics, and Neurology finds a place in this scientific journal.</p>American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviewsen-USAmerican Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews2835-6276The Will Of A Religious That Guarantees In The Constitution Of The Democratic Republic Of Timor-Leste (2025)
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/259
<p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> The will of a religious consists of the will to profess one's faith thus, has freedom of conscience and worship time, and is considered a fundamental right of citizens, which is affirmed in the fundamental law of state law. The will of religion is a fundamental human right enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations in the practice of implementation in the entire universe in the modality of will (1948; cited by Corte Real AG & Tilman CB., 2025), and is also affirmed in the fundamental law of Timor-Leste, which we have and exist in the area of interest in force.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Research Objectives: </em></strong><em>To examine the existing legal assumptions of religious will and freedom and their legal effects on the practice of religious and religious rights by religious citizens and protection of religious confessions in Timor-Leste, to analyze the foundations of fundamental rights over religious will, to identify gaps, challenges and to propose alternative legislative solutions to the protection of the rights of religious minorities to religious freedom as a fundamental and basic right that is exercised through religious confessions. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Discussion in the Research: </em></strong><em>The will to be religious is one of the rights of men and women, that is, a right inherent to the human person and needs to be positive to be respected by one and the other. The right to religious freedom in Timor-Leste requires a lot of reflection, because every right is related to the legal system and to the reality of social transformation in the country. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em> To reach this goal, it has its purpose to analyze and conclude carefully about religious freedom, being a fundamental right inherent to the human person and demonstrate the challenges, in the face of a country with so much multi cultural and religious diversity, that if we maintain freedom, in practice in the normal use of implementation that has the will and freedom of application cited by (Corte Real AG & Tilman CB., 2025). </em></p>Alexandre Gentil Corte Real de Araújo
Copyright (c) 2025 American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews
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2025-01-292025-01-294211210.58372/2835-6276.1255Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Niger According To The May Measurment Month (MMM) Model : Prospective, Descriptive and Cross-Sectional Survey From 2017 To 2021
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/272
<p><strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong><em>Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), represent a growing public health challenge worldwide. In Niger, as in other low- and middle-income countries, the increasing prevalence of CVDs is driven by behavioral and metabolic risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, and sedentary lifestyles. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in Niger using data collected from all regions except Diffa over a four-year period (2017–2021). </em></p> <p><strong><em>Methodology: </em></strong><em>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 30,047 participants, with the western zone (NiameyTillabéri-Dosso) being the most represented (55.64%). Participants aged ≥18 years provided informed consent and underwent anthropometric measurements, including blood pressure, blood glucose, and body mass index (BMI). Data were collected via a pre-established questionnaire and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS Pro 22 software. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The study revealed a high prevalence of CVRFs, with hypertension affecting 29.08% of participants, diabetes awareness reported in 6.55%, and hyperglycemia in 9.64%. Obesity was prevalent in 36.10% of respondents, with abdominal obesity more common in males (29.14%) than females (23.85%). Tobacco consumption was observed in 8.71% of cases, predominantly among males, while alcohol use was rare (2.30%). Sedentary lifestyle was identified in 25.27% of participants. Hypertension was significantly associated with age >40 years, female gender, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and tobacco consumption (p=0.001%). Stroke history was reported in 15.41% of respondents, whereas myocardial infarction (MI) history was minimal (0.10%), likely due to underdiagnosis. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>This large-scale study highlights the significant burden of CVRFs in Niger, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention. The findings underscore the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors through education, awareness campaigns, and policy interventions. Concerted efforts involving the government, healthcare providers, and communities are essential to mitigate the progression of CVDs and improve public health outcomes in Niger. </em></p>Pr Toure Ali Ibrahim
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2025-02-102025-02-104211610.58372/2835-6276.1262Who Is Leading Humanity and Where?
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/270
<p>-</p>Leo G. Sapogin
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2025-02-092025-02-09421810.58372/2835-6276.1260Exposing Key Features on Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/268
<p><em>Severe hypertriglyceridemia and familial chylomicronemia syndrome are lipid disorders associated with significant cardiovascular and metabolic risks. The American Congress of Cardiology 2024 highlighted transformative developments in understanding and managing these conditions. Novel therapeutic strategies, particularly targeting genetic and molecular pathways, have emerged, offering hope for improved patient outcomes. This article emphasizes the advancements in pharmacological treatments, diagnostic technologies, and multidisciplinary care approaches. Additionally, the article explores the interplay of genetic, environmental, and secondary factors in hypertriglyceridemia, integrating insights into the clinical differentiation and management of familial chylomicronemia syndrome and multifactorial severe hypertriglyceridemia.</em></p>Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez
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2025-02-092025-02-09421410.58372/2835-6276.1258The Explanation Of The Level Of Knowledge And Attitude Of The 12-Year-Old Students On Syphilis Prevention At The School Of The General Secondary Education Railaco Ermera, Timor-Leste (2025)
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/260
<p><strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong><em>It is based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO, 2023) indicating that, from 2015 to 2020, there were 2,000 confirmed cases of syphilis in men and 1,085 cases in women, a total of 45.8% of cases. Ministry of Health in Timor-Leste in the year 2023, in the National territory with a total of 10,514 of the number of cases that positive patients 171 of cases, according to the report presented annually by the Ministry of Health Timor-Leste. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Research Objectives:</em></strong><em> To know the knowledge and attitude of students about the prevention of syphilis at the General Secondary School of Railaco Ermera. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Research Methodology: </em></strong><em>We use the research methods is quantitative descriptive, probability sampling technique of the technical type simple random sampling with simple random way of random. Of the population are students of the General Secondary School and 69 samples. Technical data collection is the instrument of questionnaires that were applied in the research. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Discussion Results: </em></strong><em>Based on Pearson's statistical correction analysis that there is a relationship between knowledge with syphilis prevention of P value 0.001 < 0.05, there is a relationship between knowledge of understanding with syphilis prevention of P value 0.001 < 0.05, there is a relationship between knowledge of application with syphilis prevention of P value 0.001 0.05, there is a relationship between knowledge of application with syphilis prevention of P value 0.001 0.05, there is a relationship between knowledge of application with syphilis prevention of P value 0.001 0.05, there is a relationship between knowledge of application with syphilis prevention of P value 0.001 < 0.05, there is a relationship between the attitude and syphilis prevention of P value 0.001 < 0.05, not accepted from H0. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em> There is a positive and significant relationship between knowledge of knowledge, understanding, application and prevention of moderate categorially syphilis cited by (Tilman CB., 2025). </em></p>Carlos Boavida Tilman
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2025-01-292025-01-294211010.58372/2835-6276.1256Impact of Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy on Hematological Values of Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/273
<p><strong><em>Purpose<br></em></strong><em>It is recognized that sex hormones, including gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), affect the rate of erythropoiesis, demonstrated in complete blood count (CBC) measurements. While exogenous hormonal impact is understood, established reference ranges are based on sex assigned at birth, signifying endogenous hormone states. Leading organizations providing GAHT guidelines recommend using affirmed gender when assessing laboratory values. This study sought to further the understanding of the impact GAHT may have on hematological values through a statistical comparison of gendered adult laboratory values and population means. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods<br></em></strong><em>A retrospective chart review of patients who received transgender healthcare at an urban university health system was performed. Electronic medical record documentation of </em><em>transgender and gender diverse</em><em> (TGD) patients on GAHT, meeting study criteria, allowed for categorical analysis of transmasculine and transfeminine cohort hematological laboratory values and comparison to adult cisgender laboratory derived population means.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results<br></em></strong><em>Criteria for analysis was met for 139 transmasculine and 57 transfeminine patients. Data identified statistically significant difference in transmasculine cohort red blood cell (RBC) means as well as hematocrit (Hct) means from those of both established cisgender male and cisgender female adult laboratory derived population mean values. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions<br></em></strong><em>An advanced understanding of the impact of GAHT on common laboratory values is critical. Transmasculine RBC and Hct means existing between laboratory established adult cisgender male and cisgender female population means may impact the proper diagnosis and treatment of hematological based clinical conditions. Further research studies on hematological laboratory values of the TGD population may improve the equity and quality of care received.</em></p>Amy Wiser
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2025-02-102025-02-104211310.58372/2835-6276.1263Artificial Intelligence for Screening Voice Disorders: Aspects of Risk Factors
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/258
<p><em>Early detection of voice disorders significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. The objective of this paper is to emphasize the existing lack of evidence regarding the clinical application of artificial intelligence (AI) in verbal communication disorders. A literature search conducted through the Royal Society of Medicine, UK, on AI and voice disorders identified 24 AI-related articles, with Parkinson's Disease being the most frequently studied condition. However, only a limited number of AI applications provided clinically useful results. The underlying challenges pertain to data measurement, data detection, software training and testing, and inadequate specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. The necessity of clinically validated AI models is crucial, also in addressing neurological and genetic disorders, which affect 6% and 15% of the population, respectively, aside from primary laryngeal disorders. Transparent AI software is essential for future applications in foundational software models.</em></p>Pedersen M
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2025-01-292025-01-29421810.58372/2835-6276.1254The Relationship Between Occupational Therapy Activity and The Level Of Creativity in Schizophrenia Patients at the Liquiça Inpatient Health Center in The Municipality of Liquica (2025)
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/271
<p><strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong><em>Someone who suffers from mental disorders, such as schizophrenic patients, experiences personality disorders, such as deviations of thoughts, perceptions and so on emotion. One method of treatment therapy in schizophrenic patients is the occupational therapy method. Occupational therapy is the cure or recovery of the individual with the analysis and use of activities that aim according to the needs of each individual. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Research Objective: </em></strong><em>This study was to determine the relationship between occupational therapy activity and creativity level in schizophrenic patients at the Community Health Center of Liquiçá. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Research Methodology: </em></strong><em>This type of investigation is a quantitative investigation with a research design using a correlative descriptive design. The research sample consisted of 80 schizophrenic patients. Samples were collected based on the bed occupancy rate of patient visits after occupational therapy activity. Research instruments derived from the number of consultations after occupational therapy. Evaluation of creativity derived from the questionnaire. In the analysis of the research data using the Chi-square test, covariance, linear regression and correlation coefficient. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Discussion Results: </em></strong><em>It is based on the analysis of the test with statistical covariance, linear regression and Pearson's correlation coefficient between the variables (independent and dependent) the value r = 0.2172 with a percentage of 4.7% or 5%, so the value it presents has a relationship between occupational therapy activity and the level of creativity cited by (Tilman CB., et al, 2025). </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>Between two variables (independent and dependent) there is a positive relationship between occupational therapy activity and the level of creativity.</em></p>Carlos Boavida Tilman
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2025-02-102025-02-10421910.58372/2835-6276.1261The Relationship Of Obesity To Hypertension Among Paramedical Students Of West Tripura
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/269
<p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> <em>Due to a consistent rise in frequency over the past few decades, particularly in metropolitan areas with significant regional variation, hypertension is becoming a growing public health concern in India.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methodology:</em></strong><em> Cross-sectional research was done with around 115 paramedical students of Bhavan’s Tripura College of Science and Technology. As per the WHO, each student's body mass index was categorized separately. The blood pressure was taken for the purposes of preventing, detecting, evaluating, and treating hypertension using a conventional mercury sphygmomanometer. The data were input into statistical software SPSS version 15.0 for analysis</em><strong><em>. </em></strong></p> <p><strong><em>Observation:</em></strong><em> In the case of males, our study found that around 41.38% had a normal BMI, 10.34% were underweight, 36.21% were overweight, and 12.07% were obese. Additionally, 68.97% had a normal waist circumference and 31.03% had an abnormal waist circumference. In males, the normal blood pressure was 58.62%, prehypertension was 34.48%, stage 1 hypertension was 5.17%, and high blood pressure, or stage 2 hypertension, was 1.72%. For women, the percentages were as follows: approximately 61.4% had a normal BMI, 7.02% underweight, 24,56% overweight, and 7.02% obese. The abnormal/central waist circumference is 57.89%, while the normal waist circumference was 38.60%. Of the female population, 84.21% had normal blood pressure, 14.04% had pre-hypertension, and 1.75% had stage 1 hypertension.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong> <em>The difference of hypertension among the students in boys and girls 41.3% and 15.78% respectively, and the difference were statistically significant.</em><em> The prevalence of obesity in paramedical college students was 9.56% and 4.34% was high blood pressure. Non-communicable illnesses in the contemporary era's epidemic have been described. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em> A concerning trend in disease prevalence is the observed age shift backward in time for conditions including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. The young adults are more likely to have these diseases as a result of engaging in unhealthy lifestyle choices. It is crucial that paramedical students recognize their personal risk factors and take preventative action before advising and motivating their parents to lead healthy lifestyles.</em></p>Satyapriya Roy
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2025-02-092025-02-09421910.58372/2835-6276.1259Sustainable Organic Coffee Prospects And Coffee Transaction Costs Chain In Timor – Leste (2025)
https://ajmcrr.com/index.php/pub/article/view/261
<p><strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong><em>The small island of Timor basically and namely of Timor-Leste plantation Hybrid Coffee is a coffee variety that is resistant disease and climate change adaptation growing on 1000-1500 meters under shade trees special Albizia and Casuarina during Portugues time until now. The Timor coffee base growing in 6 Municipality Ermera, Aileu Ainaro, Manufahi and Bobonaro more them 42% family monoculture Coffee farm. Potential can be developed sustainable economic value because it can only grow under the shade of albizzia and casuarina, but now big problem on sustainable develop. With high economic potential, needs to developed as family economic patrimonial, because more Then 90% population dependent on coffee production every year. </em><em>Timor - Leste has great potential in developing organic coffee because its tropical and subtropical climate change is created some of conditions very different and geography only have two seasons, namely dry and rainy (wet and dry months). The importance of institutional arrangements in supporting small farmers to develop organic products with high added value is very important, according to progressive nature geographic and conditions are behaved cited by (WB., 2019; Maia J., 2022; Gov.TL, 2024). </em></p> <p><strong><em>Research Objectives: </em></strong><em>This research is aims to look at the strategic development of sustainability is coffee as a family economic asset in improving the welfare of coffee faming families and the impact of transaction cost on the basic price received by farmers, the impact of which is not satisfactory in the motivation for the innovation in development coffee farming business. In addition, to see the factor of institutional development of coffee in the terms of existing customers of coffee agribusiness agriculture sector in Timor-Leste, base of standards coffee in global market decision.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Research Methodology: </em></strong><em>The best method to share by qualitative and quantitative apprised focus on information representative farm, public institutional, private sector and social institution to covered information by the farms and references date during Portugues Time, Indonesia Time and Independent Time, to take comparation production analysis qualitative and quantitative or combination method by institutional analysis with sample propose random site application of in study.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Result of Discussion:</em></strong> <em>The economic contribution of coffee farmers managing coffee farming in 6 districts since the Portuguese average 4,65,9%, during Indonesia time after Independence has provided a real contribution of 20-29% coffee farmers livelihood household. The management 90% monoculture farming is managed organically environmentally friendly by local organic material. Farmers' income guaranty from coffee as source of economic, social, educational and health needs. In addition to being source income for farmers, it can absorb 3000-5000 workers every year during the 3-month coffee harvest period from the field the city, especially green ben coffee production factory. Currently, the government and donors through international institutions are working on the development coffee agrobusiness planning culture by the President of Timor - Leste Ramos Horta in 2019. CCT-NCBA the cooperative that has 21,565 base CCT-NCBA Maia de Jesus survey, 2022 permanent members registered organically provides the largest coffee supply to Starbucks Coffee every year, average 2000-3000 tons of green coffee/years, the financial cost transaction higher by transportation, labor cost, information and promotion cost impact directly to coffee price on farmer. Through sales results agribusiness diversification carried out in other farming businesses such cocoa, cloves, vanilla, pepper potential plantation areas to anticipate decline coffee production. Currently, there 5 prestigious plantation crops managed by CCT-NCBA Economic rehabilitation development by USAID to increase rural economic, Rahmadanih, 2022, Institutional strengthening of women farmers group (KWT) in developing household food security.</em><em> Integrating this cultural heritage into coffee production and trade could bring economic benefits while maintaining cultural integrity. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>Unlike typical industrialized agricultural models, Timor - Leste coffee sector could emphasize organic farming practices and traditional cultivation methods, which preserve the soil, biodiversity, and local ecosystems, contributing to sustainability. The World Bank's 2023 report said the country's economic growth is expected to increase by an average of 4.1% in 2024 and 2025, thanks to lower inflation and a healthy fiscal position. The report also said the government's emphasis on capital spending and infrastructure development, which has increased the budget from 18.4% of GDP in 2023 to 24.5% of GDP in 2024, is likely to drive further growth.</em></p>Maia de Jesus
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2025-01-292025-01-294211110.58372/2835-6276.1257