Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infants

Review Article

Abstract

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, with infants being particularly vulnerable. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in infancy can significantly impact growth, development, and overall health. This comprehensive review summarizes the current understanding of IDA in infants, including its etiological factors, clinical features, diagnostic approach, treatment strategies, and preventive measures. Risk factors for IDA in infants include inadequate dietary iron intake, increased physiological requirements during this period of rapid growth, prematurity, low birth weight, and chronic blood loss. IDA in infancy has been associated with impairments in cognitive development, motor function, and social-emotional wellbeing, with some effects persisting into later childhood. Prompt diagnosis involves assessment of hemoglobin, red cell indices, and iron status markers such as serum ferritin. Oral iron supplementation remains the mainstay of treatment, with parenteral iron therapy reserved for severe or refractory cases. Prevention strategies focus on optimizing maternal iron status, ensuring adequate iron intake through exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months and timely introduction of iron-rich complementary foods, iron supplementation in high-risk populations, and limiting excessive cow's milk intake. Routine screening for IDA in infants, especially in at-risk groups, coupled with appropriate interventions, is crucial to address this preventable condition. Continued research is needed to explore innovative strategies for effective prevention and treatment of IDA in infancy, as well as to elucidate the long-term impact on child health outcomes. A coordinated effort from healthcare providers, policymakers, and community stakeholders is essential to reduce the global burden of IDA in infants and ensure optimal child growth, development, and well-being.