Depression And Its Associated Factors Among A Group Of Women In Enugu State Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study : Research Article

NWOGA Hope Obiageli

doi:10.58372/2835-6276.1212

Authors

NWOGA Hope Obiageli

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58372/2835-6276.1212

Keywords:

Cross-sectional study, Depression, Nigeria, Prevalence, Women

Abstract

Aims & Background: Depressive disorders are common in all regions of the world, and can affect the outcome of common chronic diseases. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and pattern of depression and associated factors among women in Enugu State Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted among women who attended a Christian conference in Enugu State, Nigeria. PHQ-9 questionnaire was used to collect data on consenting women. All the collected data were imputed into IBM SPSS version 25 for analysis. Continuous variables were summarized as mean and standard deviation while categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analysis was done with a Chi-square test to test for associations between the socio-demographic characteristics and depression with a significance level placed at p-value ≤0.05.

Results: The mean age and standard deviation were 49.69±10.29 while most of them were in the 50-59 years age range (34.5%). About 34.5% had mild depression, 14.6% had moderate depression, 1.8% had moderately severe depression and 1.8% had severe depression. No socio-demographic characteristic was significantly associated with depression.

Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was high among the studied women and this calls for enhanced awareness among women on symptoms of depression for early self-diagnosis and presentation to the hospital.

References

Jack-Ide I. A Retrospective study of the prevalence of depression among women attending a mental health clinic in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Annals of Behavioral Science. 2016; 2 (1): 12.

World Health Organization. Mental Health and Substance Abuse. Conquering depression, Fact and figure, Geneva. 2012.

American Psychiatric Association. Depression. Available at: https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression. Accessed. [Accessed 30/05/2024].

Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, Gasquet I, Kovess V, LepineJP et al. WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA. 2004; 291(21): 2581-2590.

Gilmour H, Pattern SB. Depression and work impairment. Health Rep. 2007;18: 9-22.

Ivanova JI, Birnbaum HG, Kidolezi Y, Subramanian G, Khan SA, Stensland MD. Direct and indirect costs of employees with treatment-resistant and non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010; 26(10): 2475-2484.

World Health Organization. The Global Burden of Disease 2008. Available at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD. [Accessed 28/05/2024].

World Health Organization. Depression. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression. [Accessed 1 June 2024].

Jorm AF, Patten SB, Brugha TS, Mojtabai R. Has increased provision of treatment reduced the prevalence of common mental disorders? Review of the evidence from four countries. World Psychiatry. 2017; 16(1):90–9.

World Health Organization. Depression: Facts and figures. 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact/detail/depression. [Accessed 20/03/2024]

Al Krenawi A, Graham J. A comparison of Family Functioning, Life and Marital Satisfaction and Mental health of Women in Polygamous and Monogamous Marriage. International Journal on Social Psychiatry. 2006; 52 (1): 5-17.

Mesa-Vieira C, Haas AD, Buitrago-Garcia D, Roa-Diaz ZM, Minder B, Gamba M, et al. Mental health of migrants with pre-migration exposure to armed conflict: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2022; 7(5):e469–81.

Shittu RO, Odeigah LO, Issa BA, Olanrewaju GT. Association between depression and social demographic factors in a Nigerian family practice setting. Open Journal of Depression. 2014; 3 (1): 18-23.

Rondet C, Cornet P, Kaoutar B, Lebas J, Chauvin P. Depression prevalence and primary care among vulnerable patients at a free outpatient clinic in Paris, France, in 2010: results of a cross-sectional survey. BMC Fam Pract. 2013; 14 (1): 151-159.

Halverson JL, Bienenfeld D. What are the DSMS criteria for diagnosis of major depressive disorder? 2019 Available at: https://www.medscape.com/answers/286759-14692/what-are-t he-dsm-5-criteria-for-diagnosis-of-major-depressive-disorder clinical-depression. [Accessed 4/6/24]

Adamu H, Oche OM, Abel IR, Garba KA, Zubairu BB. Prevalence and Pattern of Depression among Women of Polygamous and Monogamous Family Settings in Rural Areas of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Central African Journal of Public Health. 2021; 7 (1): 11-22. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210701.12

Muhammad Gadit AA, Mugford G. Prevalence of depression among households in three capital cities of Pakistan: need to revise the mental health policy. PLoS ONE. 2007;2(2): e209.

Afolabi MO, Abioye-Kuteyi EA, Fatoye FO, Bello IS, Adewuya AO. Pattern of depression among patients in a Nigeria family practice population. South African Family Practice. 2008; 50(2):63-69.

Ogunsemi OO, Oluwole FA, Abasiubong F, Erinfolami AR, Amoran OE, Ariba AJ et al. Detection of mental disorders with the patient health questionnaire in primary care settings in Nigeria. Ment Illn. 2010; 2(1): 46-50.

Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 21st Edition: Banarsidas Bhanot, India 2011.

Neyazi A, Haidarzada AS, Rangelova V, Erfan A, Bashiri B, Neyazi M, et al. Prevalence and predictors of depression among women in Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study. Discov Psychol. 2023; 3, 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-023-00068-4

Ahmad I. Minor psychiatric morbidity and socio-economic factors. Med Forum Mon. 2001;12(8):5–8

Judd FK, Jackson HJ, Komiti A, Murray G, Hodgins G, Fraser C. High Prevalence disorders in urban and rural communities. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 36, 104-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00986.x

Ihezue UH, Kumaraswany N. Socio-demographic characteristics of depressive illness among Nigerians. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986; 73, 128-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10577.x

President and Fellows of Harvard College. Depression, sex and age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Health Publications. 2007; 1-5.

Albert PR. Why is depression more prevalent in women? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015; 40: 219-221.

Keita GP. Psychosocial and cultural contributions to depression in women: considerations for women midlife and beyond. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007; 13: S12-15.

Bruce ML. Psychological risk factor for depressive disorder in late life. Biological Psychiatry. 2001; 52, 175-184.

Kebede D, Alem A, Deyassa N, Shibra T, Legash A, Beyero T, et al. Socio-demography correlates of depressive disorder in Butajgra, rural Ethiopia. Central African Journal of Medicine. 2003; 49(7-8): 78-83.

Gomez-Restrepo C, Bohorquez A, Pinto Masis D, Gil Laverde JF, Rondon Sepulveda M, Diaz-Granados N. The prevalence of and factors associated with depression in Colombia. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2004; 16(6): 378-386

Romans S, Cohen M, Forte T. Rates of depression and anxiety in urban and rural Canada. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011; 46(7): 567–75.

Hoyt DR, Conger RD, Valde JG, Weihs K. Psychological distress and help seeking in rural America. Am J Community Psychol. 1997;25(4):449–70.

Bertie J, King A, Reed N, Marshall AJ, Ricketts C. Benefits and weaknesses of a cardiac rehabilitation programme. J R Coll Phys Lond. 1992;26(2):147.

Barkow K, Maier W, Uatun TB, Gansicke M, Witchen HY, Heun R. Risk factors for depression at 12-month follow-up in adult primary health care patients with major depression: An international prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003; 76, 157- 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00081-2

Hamed SG, El-Etreby RR, Mahgoub NA, El-Boraie OA, Esmail ME. Impact of psycho-educational program on body image concerns and mental adjustment among post mastectomy women. Int J Nurs Didact. 2019;9(1):48–57.

Prause J, Doole YD. Favourable employment status change and psychological depression: A two-year follow-up analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 2001; 50, 282-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00059

Roos E, Lahelma E, Saastamoinen P, Elstad JI. The association of employment status and family status with health among women and men in four Nordic countries. Scandinavia Journal of Public Health. 2005; 33, 250-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034940510005680

Araya R, Lewis G, Rojas G, Fritscho R. Education and income: Which is more important for mental health? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2003; 57, 501-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.7.501

Sanni O, Onuoha F, Alabi A, Ayinmode A, Buhari O. Epidemiology of Depression in a Primary Care Setting in North Central Nigeria. Global Journal of Endocrinological Metabolism. 2018; 2 (4). DOI: 10.31031/GJEM.2018.02.000542. Available at https://crimsonpublishers.com/gjem/fulltext/GJEM.000542.ph p.

Dolittle R, Farrell M. The association between spirituality and depression in an urban clinic. PrimCare Companion J Clin Psych. 2004; 6(3): 114-8.