The Nature of the Animal Soul and Possibility of Transformation: An Integrated Approach to Addiction-Related Illness
Review Article


DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58372/2835-6276.1291Keywords:
addiction recovery, neuroplasticity, spirituality and healing, animal soul, transformation, epigenetics, integrated treatmentAbstract
This article examines the question of whether living beings possess an innate, unchangeable nature or have the capacity for fundamental transformation—a question with profound implications for treating addiction-related physical illness. By integrating diverse perspectives from religious and philosophical traditions, mystical thought, modern neuroscience, genetics, and clinical approaches to addiction, this paper develops a comprehensive framework for understanding both the constraints and possibilities for transformation in the context of addiction recovery. The analysis synthesizes insights from Kabbalistic mysticism, Hasidism and Mussar traditions, Simone Weil's philosophy, Thomas Aquinas's theological framework, Eastern contemplative approaches, Twelve-Step recovery principles, modern neuroscience, epigenetics, and trauma-informed healing perspectives. This integrated approach suggests that a multilevel healing model addressing physical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions offers the most comprehensive foundation for treating physical illnesses related to addiction—one that acknowledges the reality of biological constraints while embracing the remarkable capacity for neuroplasticity and transformative change.
References
Armstrong K. A History of God. New York: Ballantine Books; 1993.
Sacks J. The Great Partnership: Science, Religion, and the Search for Meaning. New York: Schocken; 2012.
Soloveitchik JB. Halakhic Man. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society; 1983.
Matt DG. The Essential Kabbalah: The Heart of Jewish Mysticism. San Francisco: HarperOne; 1996.
Scholem G. Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. New York: Schocken Books; 1995.
Fine L. Physician of the Soul, Healer of the Cosmos: Isaac Luria and His Kabbalistic Fellowship. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 2003.
Luzzatto MC. The Way of God. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers; 1997.
Williams P. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. London: Routledge; 2008.
Norbu N, Clemente A. The Supreme Source: The Fundamental Tantra of Dzogchen Semde. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications; 1999.
Dogen, Cleary T. Shobogenzo: Zen Essays by Dogen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1986.
Suzuki DT. Manual of Zen Buddhism. New York: Grove Press; 1994.
Lao-tzu, Mitchell S. Tao Te Ching: A New English Version. New York: Harper Perennial; 1992.
Wang B, Lynn RJ. Classic of the Way and Virtue: A New Translation of the Tao-te Ching of Laozi as Interpreted by Wang Bi. New York: Columbia University Press; 1999.
Deutsch E. Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1969.
Farrow GW, Menon I. The Concealed Essence of the Hevajra Tantra. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1992.
Aquinas T. Summa Theologica. Westminster: Christian Classics; 1981.
Porter J. Nature as Reason: A Thomistic Theory of the Natural Law. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; 2005.
Stump E. Aquinas. London: Routledge; 2003.
MacIntyre A. After Virtue. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press; 2007.
Weil S, Rees R. Gravity and Grace. London: Routledge; 2002.
Weil S. Waiting for God. New York: HarperCollins; 2009.
Rozelle-Stone R, Stone L. Simone Weil and Theology. London: Bloomsbury; 2013.
Weil S. The Need for Roots. London: Routledge; 2001.
Kandel ER. The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses. Science. 2001;294(5544):1030-8.
Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ. Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2(3):260-5.
Nudo RJ. Recovery after brain injury: mechanisms and principles. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:887.
Aron AR, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA. Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18(4):177-85.
Miller EK, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167-202.
Fleming SM, Dolan RJ. The neural basis of metacognitive ability. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012;367(1594):1338-49.
Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, Rosenkranz M, Muller D, Santorelli SF, et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(4):564-70.
Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:169-92.
Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1124:1-38.
Zak PJ, Kurzban R, Matzner WT. The neurobiology of trust. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1032:224-7.
Plomin R, DeFries JC, Knopik VS, Neiderhiser JM. Behavioral Genetics. 6th ed. New York: Worth Publishers; 2013.
Chabris CF, Lee JJ, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ, Laibson DI. The Fourth Law of Behavior Genetics. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2015;24(4):304-312.
Belsky J, Pluess M. Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(6):885-908.
Boyce WT, Ellis BJ. Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17(2):271-301.
Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(8):847-54.
Nestler EJ. Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2014;76 Pt B:259-68.
Yehuda R, Daskalakis NP, Bierer LM, Bader HN, Klengel T, Holsboer F, et al. Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80(5):372-80.
Kaliman P, Alvarez-Lopez MJ, Cosín-Tomás M, Rosenkranz MA, Lutz A, Davidson RJ. Rapid changes in histone deacetylases and inflammatory gene expression in expert meditators. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;40:96-107.
Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. J Physiol. 1970;206(2):419-36.
Perry BD, Pollard RA, Blakley TL, Baker WL, Vigilante D. Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and "use-dependent" development of the brain: How "states" become "traits". Infant Ment Health J. 1995;16(4):271-291.
Hensch TK. Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(11):877-88.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Telang F. Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(37):15037-42.
Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(1):217-38.
Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(8):1403-13.
Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(11):652-69.
Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F. The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(7):521-32.
Edenberg HJ. The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants. Alcohol Res Health. 2007;30(1):5-13.
Blum K, Braverman ER, Holder JM, Lubar JF, Monastra VJ, Miller D, et al. Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2000;32 Suppl:i-iv, 1-112.
Walters RK, Polimanti R, Johnson EC, McClintick JN, Adams MJ, Adkins AE, et al. Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(12):1656-1669.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Logan J, Jayne M, et al. Profound decreases in dopamine release in striatum in detoxified alcoholics: possible orbitofrontal involvement. J Neurosci. 2007;27(46):12700-6.
Tang YY, Tang R, Posner MI. Brief meditation training induces smoking reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(34):13971-5.
Pfefferbaum A, Rosenbloom M, Rohlfing T, Sullivan EV. Degradation of association and projection white matter systems in alcoholism detected with quantitative fiber tracking. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(8):680-90.
Nixon K, Kim DH, Potts EN, He J, Crews FT. Distinct cell proliferation events during abstinence after alcohol dependence: microglia proliferation precedes neurogenesis. Neurobiol Dis. 2008;31(2):218-29.
Robison AJ, Nestler EJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(11):623-37.
Vassoler FM, Byrnes EM, Pierce RC. The impact of exposure to addictive drugs on future generations: Physiological and behavioral effects. Neuropharmacology. 2014;76 Pt B:269-75.
Brewer JA, Worhunsky PD, Gray JR, Tang YY, Weber J, Kober H. Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(50):20254-9.
Mate G. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books; 2010.
Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2011.
van der Kolk BA. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Viking; 2014.
Hari J. Lost Connections: Uncovering the Real Causes of Depression - and the Unexpected Solutions. New York: Bloomsbury; 2018.
Alexander BK. The Globalization of Addiction: A Study in Poverty of the Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.
Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT. Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(4):363-71.
Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997;4(5):231-44.
Pickard H. Responsibility without blame for addiction. Neuroethics. 2017;10(1):169-180.
Jones JD, Comer SD, Kranzler HR. The pharmacogenetics of alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(3):391-402.
Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245-58.
Levine PA. In an Unspoken Voice: How the Body Releases Trauma and Restores Goodness. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books; 2010.
Frankl VE. Man's Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press; 2006.
Kabat-Zinn J. Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Bantam Books; 2013.
Marlatt GA, Donovan DM. Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
Ogden P, Minton K, Pain C. Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company; 2006.
Laudet AB, Morgen K, White WL. The Role of Social Supports, Spirituality, Religiousness, Life Meaning and Affiliation with 12-Step Fellowships in Quality of Life Satisfaction Among Individuals in Recovery from Alcohol and Drug Problems. Alcohol Treat Q. 2006;24(1-2):33-73.
Lutz A, Slagter HA, Dunne JD, Davidson RJ. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008;12(4):163-9.
Brewer JA, Elwafi HM, Davis JH. Craving to quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(2):366-79.
Linehan MM. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
Loizzo J. Sustainable happiness: Buddhist meditation as a path to wellbeing and resilience in the 21st century. In: Kjell ONE, Boniwell I, Seligman MEP, editors. Positive Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014.
Leevy CM, Moroianu SA. Nutritional aspects of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2005;9(1):67-81.
Price CJ, Wells EA, Donovan DM, Rue T. Mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy as an adjunct to women's substance use disorder treatment: a pilot feasibility study. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;43(1):94-107.
Miller WR, Forcehimes AA, Zweben A. Treating Addiction: A Guide for Professionals. New York: Guilford Press; 2011.
Kelly JF, Yeterian JD. The role of mutual-help groups in extending the framework of treatment. Alcohol Res Health. 2011;33(4):350-5.
Lehrer PM, Gevirtz R. Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work? Front Psychol. 2014;5:756.
Porges SW. The polyvagal theory: new insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009;76 Suppl 2:S86-90.
Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW, Saab PG, Kubzansky L. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(5):637-51.
Kim ES, Sun JK, Park N, Peterson C. Purpose in life and reduced incidence of stroke in older adults: The Health and Retirement Study. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74(5):427-32.
Leshner AI. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science. 1997;278(5335):45-7.
Doidge N. The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science. New York: Viking; 2007.
White WL. Addiction recovery: its definition and conceptual boundaries. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007;33(3):229-41.
Weil S. Gravity and Grace. London: Routledge; 2002.
Siegel DJ. The Mindful Brain: Reflection and Attunement in the Cultivation of Well-Being. New York: W. W. Norton & Company; 2007.
Schachter-Shalomi Z, Miles-Yepez N. A Heart Afire: Stories and Teachings of the Early Hasidic Masters. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society; 2010.
Zalman S. Likutei Amarim Tanya. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1998.
Nachman of Breslov, Greenbaum A. Likutey Moharan. Jerusalem: Breslov Research Institute; 2010.
Leiner YA, Alter J. The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of the Sefat Emet. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society; 1998.
Salanter I, Meltzer HE. Or Yisrael. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook; 1990.
Morinis A. Everyday Holiness: The Jewish Spiritual Path of Mussar. Boston: Trumpeter; 2007.
Etkes I. Rabbi Israel Salanter and the Mussar Movement: Seeking the Torah of Truth. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society; 1993.
Claussen G. Sharing the Burden: Rabbi Simhah Zissel Ziv and the Path of Musar. Albany: SUNY Press; 2015.
Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2012.
Marlatt GA, Gordon JR. Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press; 1985.
Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism. 4th ed. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services; 2001.
Alcoholics Anonymous. Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services; 1989.
Wilson B. As Bill Sees It. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services; 1967.
Kurtz E, Ketcham K. The Spirituality of Imperfection: Storytelling and the Search for Meaning. New York: Bantam Books; 1992.
Kurtz E. Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous. Center City: Hazelden; 1991.
White WL, Kurtz E. The Varieties of Recovery Experience: A Primer for Addiction Treatment Professionals and Recovery Advocates. Int J Self Help Self Care. 2006;3(1-2):21-61.
Dossett W. Addiction, spirituality and 12-step programmes. Int Soc Work. 2013;56(3):369-383.
Keating T. Divine Therapy and Addiction: Centering Prayer and the Twelve Steps. New York: Lantern Books; 2009.
Galanter M, Josipovic Z, Dermatis H, Weber J, Millard MA. Spiritual awakening and depression in abstinent members of Alcoholics Anonymous: a cross-sectional study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2017;205(9):740-744.
Kelly JF, Greene MC, Bergman BG. Beyond abstinence: Changes in indices of quality of life with time in recovery in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(4):770-780.
Vaillant GE. Alcoholics Anonymous: cult or cure? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005;39(6):431-6.
Lyons GCB, Deane FP, Kelly PJ. Forgiveness and purpose in life as spiritual mechanisms of recovery from substance use disorders. Addict Res Theory. 2010;18(5):528-543.
Zalman S. Likutei Amarim Tanya, Chapter 1. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1998.
Zalman S. Likutei Amarim Tanya, Chapter 9. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1998.
Freeman T. Bringing Heaven Down to Earth: 365 Meditations from the Wisdom of the Rebbe. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1996.
Zalman S. Likutei Amarim Tanya, Chapter 4. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1998.
Wineberg Y. Lessons in Tanya, Vol. 1. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 2004.
Zalman S. Likutei Amarim Tanya, Chapter 12. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1998.
Zalman S. Likutei Amarim Tanya, Chapter 3. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1998.
Schneerson MM. Torah Studies. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society; 1986.
Jacobson YP. Toward a Meaningful Life: The Wisdom of the Rebbe. New York: William Morrow; 2002.
McGilchrist I. The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2009.
McGilchrist I. The Matter With Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions, and the Unmaking of the World. London: Perspectiva Press; 2021.
Crews FT, Boettiger CA. Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009;93(3):237-47.
Harris GJ, Jaffin SK, Hodge SM, Kennedy D, Caviness VS, Marinkovic K, et al. Frontal white matter and cingulum diffusion tensor imaging deficits in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(6):1001-13.
Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(10):1642-52.
Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ. Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2006;29:565-98.
Witkiewitz K, Lustyk MK, Bowen S. Retraining the addicted brain: a review of hypothesized neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(2):351-65.
Vanderplasschen W, Colpaert K, Autrique M, Rapp RC, Pearce S, Broekaert E, et al. Therapeutic communities for addictions: a review of their effectiveness from a recovery-oriented perspective. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:427817.
Alexander BK. The Globalization of Addiction: A Study in Poverty of the Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.
Kaskutas LA, Borkman TJ, Laudet A, Ritter LA, Witbrodt J, Subbaraman MS, et al. Elements that define recovery: the experiential perspective. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;75(6):999-1010.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.