REVIEW on SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM in HUMAN

Research Article

Abstract

Coronavirus infection has been the most common form of pandemic with high mortality in recent decades, and the recent form of coronavirus mainly results in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). Prophylaxis & treatment of SARS-CoV remains the big problem of our century. However, this is impossible without knowledge of the subtle mechanisms of the virus entry into the body, stimulating organ damage and the spread of the disease. It is revealed, that the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to target cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which forms active angiotensin II; the SARS virus can also bind to the CD147 cell receptor. They are mainly located on the surface of respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelial cells and play role of the entry routes of infection. After the attachment of the virus to the cell, the spike protein is cleaved into subunits S1 and S2 as result of proteolysis through a transmembrane serine protease type 2. The virus then activates endocytosis. SARS-CoV-2 is capable of damaging alveocytes type I and II, as well as endothelial cells. This process leads to the expression and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, detailed in this paper. Preventing the development of these mechanisms of SARS virulence forms the basis of today's official protocols.