Delivery labor after cesarean section
Research Article
Abstract views: 71
/ 
PDF downloads: 37
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58372/2835-6276.1059Abstract
Trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC) refers to a planned attempt to deliver vaginally by a woman who has had a previous cesarean delivery, regardless of the outcome. This method provides women who desire a vaginal delivery the possibility of achieving that goal-a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC). In addition to fulfilling a patient's preference for vaginal delivery, at an individual level, VBAC is associated with decreased maternal morbidity and a decreased risk of complications in future pregnancies as well as a decrease in the overall cesarean delivery rate at the population level (). However, although TOLAC is appropriate for many women, several factors increase the likelihood of a failed trial of labor, which in turn is associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity when compared with a successful trial of labor (ie, VBAC) and elective repeat cesarean delivery (). Therefore, assessing the likelihood of VBAC as well as the individual risks is important when determining who is an appropriate candidate for TOLAC. Thus, the purpose of this document is to review the risks and benefits of TOLAC in various clinical situations and to provide practical guidelines for counseling and management of patients who will attempt to give birth vaginally after a previous cesarean delivery.
References
Cragin EB Conservatism in obstetrics. NY Med 5 1916; 104: 1-3.
Menacker F, Declercy E, Macdorman MF: Cesarean delivery: background, trends, and epidemiology. Semin Perinatal 2006; 30: 235-41.
Yang YT, Mello MM, Sulzamanian SU, Studopert DM: Relationship between malpractice litigation pressure and rates of cesarean section and vaginal birth after cesarean section. Med care 2009; 47: 234-42.
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Kirmeyer S: Births: final date for 2006; Natl Vital Stat Rep 2009; 57 (7): 1-104.
National Institute of Health. NIH Consensus Development Conference: Vaginal birth after cesarean: new insights. Consensus Development Conference statement. Bethesda (MD): NIH; 2010.
Hibbard JU, Ismail MA, Nany Y, Te C, Karrison T, Ismail MA: Failed vaginal birth after a cesarean section: how risk is it? I. Maternal morbidity. Am. J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 1365-71.
Landon MB, Hauth JC, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Leindecker S, Varner MW: Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2851-9.
Macones GA, Peipert J, Nelson DB, Odibo A, Stevens EJ, Stamilio DM: Maternal complications with vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: a multicenter study. Am J Obst Gynecol 2005; 193: 1656-62.
Lavin JP, Stephens RJ, Miodovnick M, Barden TP: Vaginal delivery in patients with a prior cesarean section. Obst Gynecol 1982; 59: 135-48.
Flamm BL, Newman LA, Thomas SJ, Fallon D, Yoshida MM. Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: results of 5 year multicenter collaborative study. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 750-4.
Miller DA, Diaz FG, Paul RH: Vaginal birth after cesarean: a 10 year experience. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 255-8.
Guise JM, Denman MA, Emeis C, Marshall N, Walker M.,Fu R.:Vaginal birth after cesarean: new insights on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 1267-78.
Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Hauth JC, Bloom SL, Varner MW: Risk of uterine rupture with a trial of labor in women with multiple and single prior cesarean delivery.National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 12-20.
Rossi AC, D’Addario V: Maternal morbidity following a trial of labor after cesarean section vs elective repeat cesarean delivery: a systematic review with metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynec 2008 199: 224-31.
Smith GC, Pell JP, Cameron AD, Dobbie R: Risk of perinatal death associated with labor after previous cesarean delivery in uncomplicated term pregnancies. JAMA 2002; 287: 2684-90.
Tan PC, Subramaniam RN, Omar SZ: Labour and perinatal outcome in women at term with one previous lower-segment Caesarean: a review of 1000 consecutive cases. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007;47(1):31-6.
Signore C, Hemachandra A, Klebanoff M: Neonatal mortality and morbidity after elective cesarean delivery versus routine expectant management: a decision analysis. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 288-95.
Hook B, Kiwi R, Amini SB, Fanaroff A, Hack M: Neonatal morbidity after elective repeat cesarean section and trial of labor. Pediatrics 1997; 100: 348-53.
McMahon MJ, Luther ER, Bowes WA Jr, Olshan AF: Comparison of a trial of labor with an elective second cesarean section. N Eng J Med 1996; 335: 689-95.
Chauhan SP, Martin JN Jr, Henrichs CE, Morrison JC, Magann EF: Maternal and perinatal complications with uterine rupture in 142.075 patients who attempted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: A review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 408-17.
Gregory KD, Korst LM, Cane P, Platt LD, Kahn K: Vaginal birth after cesarean and uterine rupture rates in California. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 985-9.
Gregory KD, Korst LM, Fridman M, Shihady I, Broussard P, Fink A: Vaginal birth after cesarean: clinical risk factors associated with adverse outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 ;198:452.e1-10.
Curtin SC: Rates of cesarean birth and vaginal birth after previous cesarean. 1991-95. Mon Vital Stat Rep 1997; 45/11 (suppl 3):1-12.
Rates of cesarean delivery. United States 1991. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42:285-9.
Scheller JM, Nelson KB: Does cesarean delivery prevent cerebral palsy or other neurologic problems of childhood?. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 624-30.
Nisenblat V, Barak S, Griness OB, Degani S, Ohel G, Gonen R: Maternal complications associated with multiple cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 21-6.
Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA: Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 1226-32.
Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM: The association of placenta previa with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177(5):1071-8.
Wen SW, Rusen ID, Walker M, Liston R, Kramer MS, Baskett T: Comparison of maternal mortality and morbidity between trial of labor and elective cesarean section among women with previous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1263-9.
Guise JM, Berlin M, McDonagh M, Osterweil P, Chan B, Helfand M,: Safety of vaginal birth after cesarean: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 420-29.
Mozurkewich EL, Hutton EK: Elective repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor: a meta-analysis of the literature from 1989 to 1999. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1187-97
Landon MB, Leindecker S, Spong CY, Hauth JC, Bloom S, Varner MW: The MFMU Cesarean Registry: factors affecting the success of trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 1993: 1016-23.
Caughey AB, Shipp TD, Repke JT, Zelop CM, Cohen A, Lieberman E: Trial of labor after cesarean delivery: the effect of previous vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 938-41.
Bedoya C, Bartha JL, Rodriguez I, Fontan I, Bedoya JM, Sanchez-Ramos J: A trial of labor after cesarean section in patients with or without a prior vaginal delivery. Int J Gyneacol Obstet 1992; 39: 285-9.
Shipp TD, Zelop CM, Repke JT, Cohen A, Caughey AB, Lieberman E: Labor after previous cesarean: influence of prior indication and parity. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 913-6.
Demianczuk NN, Hunter DJ, Taylor DW: Trial of labor after previous cesarean section: prognostic indicators of outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142: 640-2.
Hoskins IA, Gomez JL: Correlation between maximum cervical dilatation at cesarean delivery and subsequent vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 591-3.
Impey L, O'Herlihy C: First delivery after cesarean delivery for strictly defined cephalopelvic disproportion. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 799-803.
Jongen VH, Halfwerk MG, Brouwer WK: Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section for failure of second stage of labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(10):1079-81.
Bujold E, Gauthier RJ: Should we allow a trial of labor after a previous cesarean for dystocia in the second stage of labor? Obstet Gynecol 2001;98(4):652-5.
Rageth JC, Juzi C, Grossanbacher H: Delivery after previous cesarean: a risk evaluation. Swiss Working Group of Obstetric and Gynecologic Institutions. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93(3):332-7
Macones GA, Hausman N, Edelstein R, Stamilio DM, Marder SJ: Predicting outcomes of trials of labor in women attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: a comparison of multivariate methods with neural networks. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 409-13.
Sims EJ, Newman RB, Hulsey TC: Vaginal birth after cesarean: to induce or not to induce. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1122-4.
Zelop CM, Shipp TD, Cohen A, Repke JT, Lieberman E: Trial of labor after 40 weeks' gestation in women with prior cesarean. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 391-3.
Zelop CM, Shipp TD, Repke JT, Cohen A, Lieberman E: Outcomes of trial of labor following previous cesarean delivery among women with fetuses weighing >4000 g. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 903-5.
Chauhan SP, Magann EF, Carroll CS, Barrilleaux PS, Scardo JA, Martin JN Jr: Mode of delivery for the morbidly obese with prior cesarean delivery: vaginal versus repeat cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 349-54.
Carroll CS Sr, Magann EF, Chauhan SP, Klauser CK, Morrison JC: Vaginal birth after cesarean section versus elective repeat cesarean delivery: Weight-based outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 1516-20.
Srinivas SK, Stamilio DM, Sammel MD, Stevens EJ, Peipert JF, Odibo AO: Vaginal birth after caesarean delivery: does maternal age affect safety and success? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007; 21: 114-20.
Goodall PT, Ahn JT, Chapa JB, Hibbard JU: Obesity as a risk factor for failed trial of labor in patients with previous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 1423-6
Juhasz G, Gyamfi C, Gyamfi P, Tocce K, Stone JL: Effect of body mass index and excessive weight gain on success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(4):741-6.
Huang WH, Nakashima DK, Rumney PJ, Keegan KA Jr, Chan K: Interdelivery interval and the success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99(1):41-4.
Srinivas SK, Stamilio DM, Stevens EJ, Peipert JF, Odibo AO, Macones GA: Safety and success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in patients with preeclampsia. Am J Perinatol. 2006 Apr;23(3):145-52. Epub 2006 Feb 22.
Macones GA, Hausman N, Edelstein R, Stamilio DM, Marder SJ: Predicting outcomes of trials of labor in women attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: a comparison of multivariate methods with neural networks. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184(3):409-13.
Troyer LR, Parisi VM. Obstetric parameters affecting success in a trial of labor: designation of a scoring system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Oct;167(4 Pt 1):1099-104.
Hashima JN, Guise JM: Vaginal birth after cesarean: a prenatal scoring tool. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 May;196(5):e22-3.
Srinivas SK, Stamilio DM, Stevens EJ, Odibo AO, Peipert JF, Macones GA: Predicting failure of a vaginal birth attempt after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Apr;109(4):800-5.
Grobman WA, Lei Y, Landon MB, Spong CY, Leveno KJ, Rouse DJ: Development of a nomogram for prediction of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery.National Institute of Child Health and Human Development .(NICHD) Maternal –Fetal Units Network (MFMU). Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Apr;109(4):806-12.
Cahill AG, Stamilio DM, Odibo AO, Peipert JF, Ratcliffe SJ, Stevens EJ.: Is vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) or elective repeat cesarean safer in women with a prior vaginal delivery? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;195(4):1143-7.
Grobman WA, Lai Y, Landon MB, Spong CY, Leveno KJ, Rouse DJ: Can a prediction model for vaginal birth after cesarean also predict the probability of morbidity related to a trial of labor? Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Jan;200(1):56.e1-6.
Macones GA, Cahill A, Pare E, Stamilio DM, Ratcliffe S, Stevens E: Obstetric outcomes in women with two prior cesarean deliveries: is vaginal birth after cesarean delivery a viable option? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Apr;192(4):1223-8
Spaans WA, van der Vliet LM, Röell-Schorer EA, Bleker OP, van Roosmalen J: Trial of labour after two or three previous caesarean sections. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003 Sep 10;110(1):16-19.
Caughey AB, Shipp TD, Repke JT, Zelop CM, Cohen A, Lieberman E: Rate of uterine rupture during a trial of labor in women with one or two prior cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Oct;181(4):872-6
Miller DA, Diaz FG, Paul RH: Vaginal birth after cesarean: a 10-year experience. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Aug;84(2):255-8.
Ofir K, Sheiner E, Levy A, Katz M, Mazor M: Uterine rupture: risk factors and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;189(4):1042-6.
Shipp TD, Zelop C, Cohen A, Repke JT, Lieberman E: Post-cesarean delivery fever and uterine rupture in a subsequent trial of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jan;101(1):136-9.
Levine EM, Ghai V, Barton JJ, Strom CM. Mode of delivery and risk of respiratory diseases in newborns. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Mar;97(3):439-42.
Morrison JJ, Rennie JM, Milton PJ: Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 Feb;102(2):101-6
Richardson BS, Czikk MJ, daSilva O, Natale R: The impact of labor at term on measures of neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jan;192(1):219-26.
Stutchfield P, Whitaker R, Russell I; Antenatal betamethasone and incidence of neonatal respiratory distress after elective caesarean section: pragmatic randomised trial .ASTECS study. BMJ. 2005; 331:662.
Smith GC, Pell JP, Dobbie R: Caesarean section and risk of unexplained stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy. Lancet. 2003 Nov 29; 362: 1779-84.
Smith GC: Life-table analysis of the risk of perinatal death at term and post term in singleton pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb;184(3):489-96.
Lewis G, editor: Why mothers die 2000-2002;The Sixth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into maternal deaths in United Kingdom. London. RCOG press 2004.
Bloom SL, Spong CY, Weiner SJ, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Varner MW: Complications of anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Aug;106(2):281-7.
Paré E, Quiñones JN, Macones GA: Vaginal birth after caesarean section versus elective repeat caesarean section: assessment of maternal downstream health outcomes. BJOG. 2006 Jan;113(1):75-85.
Cahill AG, Tuuli M, Odibo AO, Stemilio DM, Mecones GA: Vaginal birth after caesarean for women with three or more previous caesareans: accessing safety and success. BJOG 2010; 117: 422-7.
Flamm BL, Goings JR: Vaginal birth after cesarean section: is suspected fetal macrosomia a contraindication? Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Nov;74(5):694-7.
Phelan JP, Eglinton GS, Horenstein JM, Clark SL, Yeh S: Previous cesarean birth. Trial of labor in women with macrosomic infants. J Reprod Med. 1984 Jan;29(1):36-40.
Elkousy MA, Sammel M, Stevens E, Peipert JF, Macones G: The effect of birth weight on vaginal birth after cesarean delivery success rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;188(3):824-30.
Chauhan SP, Grobman WA, Gherman RA, Chauhan VB, Chang G, Magann EF: Suspicion and treatment of the macrosomic fetus: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Aug;193(2):332-46.
Yeh S, Huang X, Phelan JP: Postterm pregnancy after previous cesarean section. J Reprod Med. 1984 Jan;29(1):41-4.
Kiran TS, Chui YK, Bethel J, Bhal PS: Is gestational age an independent variable affecting uterine scar rupture rates? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006 May 1;126(1):68-71.
Coassolo KM, Stamilio DM, Paré E, Peipert JF, Stevens E, Nelson DB: Safety and efficacy of vaginal birth after cesarean attempts at or beyond 40 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Oct;106(4):700-6
Martin JN Jr, Perry KG Jr, Roberts WE, Meydrech EF: The case for trial of labor in the patient with a prior low-segment vertical cesarean incision. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:144-8.
Naef RW 3rd, Ray MA, Chauhan SP, Roach H, Blake PG, Martin JN Jr: Trial of labor after cesarean delivery with a lower-segment, vertical uterine incision: is it safe? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jun;172(6):1666-73.
Shipp TD, Zelop CM, Repke JT, Cohen A, Caughey AB, Lieberman E: Intrapartum uterine rupture and dehiscence in patients with prior lower uterine segment vertical and transverse incisions. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94: 735-40.
Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP: Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(1):3-8.
Pruett KM, Kirshon B, Cotton DB, Poindexter AN 3rd: Is vaginal birth after two or more cesarean sections safe? Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Aug;72(2):163-5.
Beall M, Eglinton GS, Clark SL, Phelan JP: Vaginal delivery after cesarean section in women with unknown types of uterine scar. J Reprod Med. 1984 Jan;29(1):31-5.
Leung AS, Farmer RM, Leung EK, Medearis AL, Paul RH: Risk factors associated with uterine rupture during trial of labor after cesarean delivery: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 May;168(5):1358-63.
Cahill A, Stamilio DM, Paré E, Peipert JP, Stevens EJ, Nelson DB: Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) attempt in twin pregnancies: is it safe? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3 Pt 2):1050-5.
Varner MW, Thom E, Spong CY, Landon MB, Leveno KJ, Rouse DJ: Trial of labor after one previous cesarean delivery for multifetal gestation. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Units Network. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(4):814-9.
Durnwald CP, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, MacPherson C, Varner MW: The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Cesarean Registry: safety and efficacy of a trial of labor in preterm pregnancy after a prior cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;195(4):1119-26.
Landon MB, Leindecker S, Spong CY, Hauth JC, Bloom S, Varner MW: The MFMU Cesarean Registry: factors affecting the success of trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3 Pt 2):1016-23.
Shipp TD, Zelop CM, Repke JT, Cohen A, Lieberman E: Interdelivery interval and risk of symptomatic uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb;97(2):175-7.
Esposito MA, Menihan CA, Malee MP: Association of interpregnancy interval with uterine scar failure in labor: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Nov;183(5):1180-3.
Bujold E, Mehta SH, Bujold C, Gauthier RJ: Interdelivery interval and uterine rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Nov;187(5):1199-202.
Grobman WA, Gilbert S, Landon MB, Spong CY, Leveno KJ, Rouse DJ: Outcomes of induction of labor after one prior cesarean. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Feb;109(2 Pt 1):262-9.
Ravasia DJ, Wood SL, Pollard JK: Uterine rupture during induced trial of labor among women with previous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:1176-9.
Zelop CM, Shipp TD, Repke JT, Cohen A, Caughey AB, Lieberman E: Uterine rupture during induced or augmented labor in gravid women with one prior cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Oct;181(4):882-6.
Cahill AG, Waterman BM, Stamilio DM, Odibo AO, Allsworth JE, Evanoff B, Macones GA: Higher maximum doses of oxytocin are associated with an unacceptably high risk for uterine rupture in patients attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jul;199(1):32.e1-5.
Bennett BB: Uterine rupture during induction of labor at term with intravaginal misoprostol. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 May;89(5 Pt 2):832-3.
Wing DA, Lovett K, Paul RH: Disruption of prior uterine incision following misoprostol for labor induction in women with previous cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1998 May;91(5 Pt 2):828-30.
Plaut MM, Schwartz ML, Lubarsky SL: Uterine rupture associated with the use of misoprostol in the gravid patient with a previous cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jun;180(6 Pt 1):1535-42.
Aslan H, Unlu E, Agar M, Ceylan Y: Uterine rupture associated with misoprostol labor induction in women with previous cesarean delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004 Mar 15;113(1):45-8.
Delaney T, Young DC: Spontaneous versus induced labor after a previous cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;102(1):39-44.
Bujold E, Blackwell SC, Hendler I, Berman S, Sorokin Y, Gauthier RJ: Modified Bishop's score and induction of labor in patients with a previous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Nov;191(5):1644-8.
Grinstead J, Grobman WA. Induction of labor after one prior cesarean: predictors of vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Mar;103(3):534-8.
Horenstein JM, Phelan JP: Previous cesarean section: the risks and benefits of oxytocin usage in a trial of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Mar 1;151(5):564-9.
Flamm BL, Goings JR, Fuelberth NJ, Fischermann E, Jones C, Hersh E: Oxytocin during labor after previous cesarean section: results of a multicenter study. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70(5):709-12.
Arulkumaran S, Koh CH, Ingemarsson I, Ratnam SS: Augmentation of labour--mode of delivery related to cervimetric progress. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Nov;27(4):304-8.
Hamilton EF, Bujold E, McNamara H, Gauthier R, Platt RW: Dystocia among women with symptomatic uterine rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184: 620-4.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gyneacologists: Induction of labor. Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline 2009.
Bujold E, Blackwell SC, Gauthier RJ: Cervical ripening with transcervical foley catheter and the risk of uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jan;103(1):18-23.
Hoffman MK, Sciscione A, Srinivasana M, Shackelford DP, Ekbladh L: Uterine rupture in patients with a prior cesarean delivery: the impact of cervical ripening. Am J Perinatol. 2004 May;21(4):217-22.
Flamm BL, Fried MW, Lonky NM, Giles WS: External cephalic version after previous cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Aug;165(2):370-2.
Clock C, Kurtzman J, White J, Chung JH: Cesarean risk after successful external cephalic version: a matched, retrospective analysis. J Perinatol. 2009 Feb;29(2):96-100.
Sela HY, Fiegenberg T, Ben-Meir A, Elchalal U, Ezra Y: Safety and efficacy of external cephalic version for women with a previous cesarean delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009 Feb;142(2):111-4. Epub 2008 Nov 18.
Arulkumaran S, Chua S, Ratnam SS: Symptoms and signs with scar rupture-value of uterine activity measurements. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992 Aug;32(3):208-12.
Beckley S, Gee H, Newton JR: Scar rupture in labour after previous lower uterine segment caesarean section: the role of uterine activity measurement. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991; 98:265-9.
Rodriguez MH, Masaki DI, Phelan JP, Diaz FG: Uterine rupture: are intrauterine pressure catheters useful in the diagnosis? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989 ;161:666-9.
Madanes AE, David D, Cetrulo C: Major complications associated with intrauterine pressure monitoring. Obstet Gynecol. 1982 ;59:389-91
Macones GA, Cahill AG, Stamilio DM, Odibo A, Peipert J, Stevens EJ: Can uterine rupture in patients attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery be predicted? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;195(4):1148-52
Grobman WA, Lai Y, Landon MB, Spong CY, Leveno KJ, Rouse DJ: Prediction of uterine rupture associated with attempted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jul;199(1):30.e1-5.
Yap OW, Kim ES, Laros RK Jr: Maternal and neonatal outcomes after uterine rupture in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Jun;184(7):1576-81.
Leung AS, Leung EK, Paul RH: Uterine rupture after previous cesarean delivery: maternal and fetal consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Oct;169(4):945-50.
Leung AS, Farmer RM, Leung EK, Medearis AL, Paul RH: Risk factors associated with uterine rupture during trial of labor after cesarean delivery: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 May;168(5):1358-63.
Ridgeway JJ, Weyrich DL, Benedetti TJ: Fetal heart rate changes associated with uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Mar;103(3):506-12.
Ritchie EH: Pregnancy after rupture of the pregnant uterus. A report of 36 pregnancies and a study of cases reported since 1932. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1971 ;78:642-8.
Reyes-Ceja L, Cabrera R, Insfran E, Herrera-Lasso F: Pregnancy following previous uterine rupture. Study of 19 patients. Obstet Gynecol. 1969;34:387-9.
Bhattacharjee N, Ganguly RP, Saha SP: Misoprostol for termination of mid-trimester post-Caesarean pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007 Feb;47(1):23-5.
Marinoni E, Santoro M, Vitagliano MP, Patella A, Cosmi EV, Di Iorio R: Intravaginal gemeprost and second-trimester pregnancy termination in the scarred uterus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007 ;97(1):35-9.
Daponte A, Nzewenga G, Dimopoulos KD, Guidozzi F: The use of vaginal misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination in women with previous single cesarean section. Contraception. 2006 Oct;74(4):324-7.
Daskalakis GJ, Mesogitis SA, Papantoniou NE, Moulopoulos GG, Papapanagiotou AA, Antsaklis AJ: Misoprostol for second trimester pregnancy termination in women with prior caesarean section. BJOG. 2005 Jan;112(1):97-9.
Dickinson JE: Misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination in women with a prior cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Feb;105(2):352-6.
Debby A, Golan A, Sagiv R, Sadan O, Glezerman M: Midtrimester abortion in patients with a previous uterine scar. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003 Aug 15;109(2):177-80.
Hammond C: Recent advances in second- trimester abortion: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:347-56.
Goyal V: Uterine ropture in second-trimester misoprostol-induced abortion after caesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113:1117-23.
Berghahn L, Christensen D, Droste S: Uterine rupture during second-trimester abortion associated with misoprostol. Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 98: 976-7.
Hoffman MK, Sciscione A, Srinivasana M, Shackelford DP, Ekbladh L: Uterine rupture in patients with a prior cesarean delivery: the impact of cervical ripening. Am J Perinatol. 2004 May;21(4):217-22.
Smith GC, Pell JP, Pasupathy D, Dobbie R: Factors predisposing to perinatal death related to uterine rupture during attempted vaginal birth after caesarean section: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2004 Aug 14;329(7462):375.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal is licensed under a 