Diagnosis and Management of Guillain‑Barré Syndrome: A Brief Literature Review

Review Article

Abstract

Guillain‑Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune‑mediated polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by progressive weakness and hyporeflexia. Early diagnosis is vital because the clinical course may rapidly progress to respiratory failure and other severe complications. The pathogenesis involves autoimmune mechanisms triggered by preceding infections, with Campylobacter jejuni being one of the main associated agents. Diagnosis is primarily clinical but supported by ancillary tests, such as nerve‑conduction studies and cerebrospinal‑fluid analysis, which typically demonstrates albuminocytologic dissociation. Management requires intensive supportive care including respiratory and hemodynamic monitoring and disease‑specific therapies, notably plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, both of which curb disease progression. Multidisciplinary care, especially physiotherapy‑based rehabilitation, is crucial to minimize sequelae. Recent studies explore novel therapeutic approaches, including immunomodulators and biomarkers for improved prognostic stratification. Despite therapeutic advances, GBS still poses clinical challenges, particularly in early recognition and complication prevention. Recovery may be protracted, and some patients experience persistent motor and neuropathic deficits. Prognosis varies according to initial severity and treatment response. Ongoing research into pathophysiology, biomarkers, and new therapeutic strategies is essential to enhance clinical outcomes for patients with GBS.